• regiments of the common army were "Imperial and Royal" - "kaiserlich und königlich" (k.u.k.)/"Császári és Királyi"
• Austrian Landwehr regiments were "Imperial/Royal" - "kaiserlich/königlich" (k.k.) that stands for Imperial Austrian / Royal Bohemian (kaiserlich österreichisch/königlich böhmisch) or "császári/királyi"
• Hungarian Honvéd regiments, or "Honvédség," were "Royal Hungarian" - "königlich ungarisch" (kgl. ung.) /"Magyar Királyi"
     The k.u.k. or common army was organized after the establishment of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy in 1867 and existed until the end of World War I in 1918. Prior to 1867, Austria's ground forces were those of the Austrian Empire named k.k. for kaiserlich, königlich. The Hungarian military (light cavalry, infantry, and artillery) waged a successful War of Independence against the imperial army from 1848 until its surrender to Czarist army dispatched to help out the kaiserlich army in 1849. After the surrender, the Hungarian units were either disbanded or dislocated and national Hungarian military units couldn't be organized again until 1867 Ausgleich, or Compromise.
     In terms of the Compromise, the Imperial and Royal (k. und k.) units had the priority of training and access to the new equipments, the Landwehr and the Honvédség have only inferior equipment. The longstanding white colour for infantry uniforms was replaced with a dark blue one which would remain the standard for subsequent decades until a pike grey uniform, to be used during World War I, was introduced in 1909. Serving in the Honvédség or even the Landwehr had little prestige among the officers and the best trained ones could be found in the k.u.k. army. The units of the Honvédség, on the other hand, had the full combat strength only in war-time periods, when the empty places were filled with reserves. The last surviving member of the Austro-Hungarian army is Franz Künstler, age 107, who currently lives in Germany.

The Austro-Hungarian Land Forces at July 1914